Web 3.0 is a new-generation Internet framework based on blockchain technology, which facilitates data assetization and enables the formation of tradable digital assets, thus promoting the development of the digital economy. However, Web 3.0 still faces several challenges in user ecosystem construction and digital asset circulation: (1) The diversity of user trust mechanisms in Web 3.0 poses challenges to digital identity management. (2) The low cost of digital asset infringement and coarse-grained authentication in Web 3.0 hinder the efficient circulation of digital assets. (3) The open and autonomous nature of Web 3.0, together with the diversity of participating entities, leads to difficulties in user ecosystem governance. (4) The openness and transparency of data, along with diverse attack surfaces in Web 3.0, make it difficult to balance privacy protection and security regulation. To address these four challenges, a Web 3.0 technology architecture oriented toward data assetization is proposed. Focusing on the requirements of data assetization in identity management, asset circulation, ecosystem governance, and security regulation, and in combination with the technical characteristics of Web 3.0, relevant Web 3.0 research work at home and abroad is summarized, classified, analyzed, and reviewed. Specifically, this study includes (1) distributed digital identity management mechanisms, including technologies such as digital identity creation, identifier authentication, and privacy protection; (2) Web 3.0 digital asset circulation mechanisms, including technologies such as digital asset ownership confirmation, authentication, and circulation; (3) Web 3.0 ecosystem governance mechanisms, including technologies such as user reputation evaluation and incentive mechanisms; (4) Web 3.0 digital asset security protection and regulation technologies, including proactive regulation, on-chain data monitoring, and application front-end security analysis. Finally, future research directions of Web 3.0 technologies are discussed.