| 摘要: |
| 区块链通过全副本机制和共识协议, 在不依赖可信第三方机构的情况下, 保证了数据的安全性与一致性. 然而, 这种设计也显著限制了系统的可扩展性. 分片技术通过将区块链系统划分为多个并行工作的分片, 可有效解决上述问题. 其中, 状态分片在各分片并行的前提下, 进一步将状态数据分散存储于各分片中, 显著提高系统吞吐量与存储效率. 目前, 状态分片面临以下问题: (1) 跨分片交易涉及多个分片的协同处理, 引入额外的跨分片通信和共识开销, 需要提高其处理效率; (2) 需要合理划分状态, 降低系统跨分片交易比例并平衡各分片的工作负载; (3) 动态划分和调整状态时, 需要在不同分片间高效迁移状态数据. 系统地梳理状态分片技术的关键问题和主流实现方法, 从跨分片交易处理、状态分配和状态迁移这3个方面对比和分析现有成果的优缺点. 最后, 指出状态分片技术面临的问题, 为未来的研究工作提供方向. |
| 关键词: 区块链分片技术 状态分片 跨分片交易 可扩展性 |
| DOI：10.13328/j.cnki.jos.007480 |
| 分类号:TP311 |
| 基金项目:国家重点研发计划 (2022YFB2702101); 国家自然科学基金重大集成项目(92152301); 国家自然科学基金面上项目(62272394) |
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| Survey on Blockchain State Sharding Technology |
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SU Lin-Xuan, ZHANG Xiao, YU Jin-Yang, HE He-Lang, WANG Jin-Jiang, HUANG Zhi-Jie
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School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
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| Abstract: |
| Blockchain ensures data security and consistency without relying on trusted third-party institutions through full replication mechanisms and consensus protocols. However, this design significantly limits system scalability. Sharding addresses this limitation by partitioning the blockchain into multiple parallel working shards, with state sharding further distributing state data across these shards, significantly improving system throughput and storage efficiency. Currently, state sharding faces several challenges, including the following three problems: (1) Cross-shard transactions require collaborative processing across multiple shards, introducing additional communication and consensus overhead, necessitating improvements in processing efficiency; (2) State partitioning optimization is needed to reduce the proportion of cross-shard transactions and balance shard workloads; (3) Efficient state data migration between shards is required during dynamic state partitioning and adjustment. This study systematically reviews the key challenges and mainstream implementations of state sharding, focusing on cross-shard transaction processing, state allocation, and state migration. Finally, the study identifies current limitations of state sharding and suggests possible directions for future research. |
| Key words: blockchain sharding technology state sharding cross-shard transaction scalability |
